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register？ The answer to these questions is one of trust。 As trustworthy as the cashier and shopper
might be； we feel better when we know we have the control。
Let’s go back to an example I mentioned at the beginning of the chapter： allowing people
to grab into your pockets。 The previously defined Temperature property is allowing someone to
grab into your pockets。 You wouldn’t generally allow it； but what if that person were your spouse
or your mom？ Would you still disallow it？ The answer is very different； because you probably
trust your mom or spouse。 In the same way； often state and its exposure are a matter of trust
and using the right scope。
■Note In this discussion of properties and object…oriented design； my goal is to explain that there is a place
and time for both； and you should not feel biased toward one approach or the other。 When you design a type
that does not reveal its state； you are designing a type that fulfills an abstract intention。 When you design a
type that reveals its state （to some extent） through properties； you are designing a type that is used at the
lower technical level。 Also keep in mind that sometimes internal state is external state； such as the exchange
rate example。 You cannot abstract away the exchange rate state because it is a number used in a calculation。
Understanding Inheritance and Scope Modifiers
At this point； the ExchangeRate property is a mechanical property that will be used by any class
that subclasses CurrencyTrader。 So now we need to decide whether access to the property
should be restricted。 The answer is that it should be restricted to only those developers who
truly understand how to convert currencies。 Access should be restricted to those classes that
will subclass CurrencyTrader。 Following is the rewritten version of CurrencyTrader。
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CH A PT E R 6 ■ L E A R N I N G T HE B AS IC S O F O B J E CT OR I E N TE D P R O G R AM M IN G 145
Public MustInherit Class CurrencyTrader
Private _exchangeRate As Double
Protected Property ExchangeRate（） As Double
Get
Return _exchangeRate
End Get
Set （ByVal value As Double）
_exchangeRate = value
End Set
End Property
End Class
The bolded code highlights three examples of scope access：
Public： The type； method； data member； or property can be accessed and referenced by
any other type。 In the context of a crowd of people； it means anyone can reach into your
pocket and inspect your wallet。
Private： The method； data member； or property can be accessed and referenced only by
the type declaring the method； data member； or property。 In the context of a crowd of
people； it means only you can reach into your pocket and inspect your wallet。
Protected： The method； data member； or property can be accessed and referenced by the
type declaring the method； data member； or property or by types that subclass the declaring
type。 In the context of a crowd of people； it means only you and people who you have
allowed can reach into your pocket and inspect your wallet。
If you happen to declare a type； method； or property without a scope modifier； the default
is assumed； which means public is implied。 Data members are private by default。 The Private
and Protected modifiers cannot be assigned to a type。 You’ll learn more about other modifiers
and details about type scope declarations in the next chapter。
Using Visual Basic Inheritance to Subclass Another Type
The rewritten version of CurrencyTrader will cause the test code to break； because it uses the
MustInherit keyword； and thus cannot be instantiated directly。 Here is the broken code：
Dim cls As CurrencyTrader = New CurrencyTrader（）
cls。ExchangeRate = 123。44
The code will not work for two reasons：
o CurrencyTrader uses the MustInherit keyword and thus cannot be instantiated。
o ExchangeRate is protected and cannot be referenced externally。
This broken code puts us in a bind。 Up to this point； whenever we tested code； we assumed
all of the pieces that were to be tested could be referenced。 One solution would be to change
the scope declarations and remove the MustInherit and Protected keywords。 Yes； that solves the
problem； but it is a cop…out。 The better approach is to test CurrencyTrader as it was intended to be
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146 CH AP T E R 6 ■ L E A R N IN G T HE B AS IC S O F OB J E CT OR I E N T E D P R O G R AM M IN G
used： as a class that is derived from。 So； the solution is to use inheritance and create a test class
that derives from CurrencyTrader； as follows：
Public Class TestCurrencyTrader
Inherits CurrencyTrader
Public Sub InitializeExchangeRate（）
ExchangeRate = 100。0
End Sub
End Class
TestCurrencyTrader is a test class that is added to the test source code。 To inherit from a
class； you define a class； and in the following line； use the keyword Inherits。 This line says that
the class TestCurrencyTrader is subclassing CurrencyTrader。
To expose a method outside the class declaration； you use the Public modifier。
Inheritance means identifiers that are scoped Protected or Public can be referenced in
the subclassed type。 For example； notice how ExchangeRate seems to be all on its own； without