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§ 44 The patriarchal condition is one of transition； its unity not advancing beyond the merely
natural。
§ 45 No law can be valid without the approval of all。
§ 46 The State is an abstraction； but it is an actuality； and must embody itself in individual will。
§ 47 The necessity of a particular constitution is made to depend on the condition of the people
as if it were accidental。
§ 48 The State is the embodiment of rational freedom； realising itself in an objective form。
§ 49 The State is the Idea of Spirit in the external manifestation of human Will and its Freedom。
§ 50 We observe a union between the objective … the Idea； … and the subjective… the personality
that conceives and wills it。
§ 51 The definite substance that exists in the State； is the Spirit of the People itself。
§ 52 Freedom can exist only where Individuality is recognised as having its real existence in the
Divine Being。
§ 53 While the State is based on Religion； Religion supposes the State already to exist。
§ 54 Religion is by no means a thing to be so produced； its self…production lies much deeper。
§ 55 An opposite folly is that of pretending to invent and carry out political constitutions
independently of religion。
§ 56 The State constitutes the rights of its members； its natural features are their country； their
outward material property。
§ 57 This matured totality constitutes the spirit of one People。 Each individual is the Son of his
Nation； the Son of his Age。
§ 58 Each particular National genius is only One Individual in the process of Universal History。
§ 59 Nothing further remains for this introductory section to contemplate but 。。。。
III The Course of World History
§ 60 History is an advance to something better； but Nature exhibits only a perpetually
self…repeating cycle。
§ 61 The principle of Development finds actual existence in Spirit； which has the History of the
World for its theatre。
§ 62 The Spirit's expansion is not the harmless tranquillity of mere growth； but a stern reluctant
working against itself。
§ 63 The analysis of the successive grades； in their abstract form； belongs to Logic； in their
concrete aspect to the Philosophy of Spirit。
§ 64 Possibility points to something destined to bee actual。
§ 65 The investigation of the history of ancient peoples； to trace their annals up to the point where
fragments of primary revelation are to be met with。
§ 66 We have to thank this interest for many valuable discoveries in Oriental literature。
§ 67 An advanced condition of science； and the assertion that such a condition occurred at the
very beginning of History。
§ 68 The only method philosophical investigation can adopt； is to take up History where
Rationality begins to manifest itself in the World's affairs。
§ 69 The period before history was written are destitute of objective history； because they
present no subjective history。
§ 70 The progress of Nations assumes importance for concrete Reason； only when they have
e in contact with States； or begin to form constitutions。
§ 71 We now have to state the direction of its course： though here only formally。
§ 72 The logical； and dialectical nature of the Idea； viz。 that it is self…determined — that it
assumes successive forms which it successively transcends； and by this very process gains a richer
and more concrete shape。
§ 73 A doubt has been suggested whether in the progress of history and of general culture；
mankind have bee better。
§ 74 The History of the World occupies a higher ground than that on which morality has properly
its position。
§ 75 The condition of Philosophy's existence is the taking up of the object of thought； and at the
same time clothing it with the form of universality。
§ 76 Language attains on its own particular ground a high intellectual development； prior to the
mencement of civilisation。
§ 77 Philosophy also must make its appearance where political life exists。
§ 78 Among all world…historical peoples； art； science； even philosophy show not only diversity in
style； but still more remarkably in subject…matter。
§ 79 Those spheres of intelligence which lie beyond the limits of this consciousness are a mon
ground。
§ 80 It is the concrete spirit of a people which we have to recognise； and it can only be
prehended spiritually。
§ 81 History is the development of Spirit in Time； as Nature is the development of the Idea in
Space。
§ 82 With a vast expenditure of power a trivial result is produced； while from what appears
unimportant； a tremendous issue proceeds。
§ 83 What traveller among the ruins of Carthage or Rome has not reflected on the transience of
kingdoms and men。
§ 84 Spirit manipulates itself； multiplying the material for future endeavours and gratifying its
desires in a variety which is inexhaustible。
§ 85 The very essence of Spirit is activity； it realises its potentiality and bees an object to
itself； contemplates itself as an objective existence。
§ 86 The Spirit of a people exists as a genus； and consequently carries within it its own negation。
§ 87 It is not of the nature of the all…pervading Spirit to die this merely natural death。
§ 88 The highest point in the development of a people is this： to have reduced its laws； its ideas of
justice and morality to a science。
§ 89 We have then before us a real and an ideal existence of the Spirit of the Nation。
§ 90 We are sure to see a people putting talk about virtue partly side by side with actual virtue。
§ 91 At the same time the isolation of individuals from each other and from the Whole makes its
appearance。
§ 92 Zeus and his race are themselves swallowed up by the very power that produced them —
the principle of thought。
§ 93 Time is the negative element in the sensuous world。 Thought is the same negativity。
§ 94 Thought is that Universal … that Species which is immortal。
§ 95 Spirit； in rendering itself objective and making this an object of thought； destroys the
determinate form of its being； but gains a prehension of its universal element。
§ 96 The individual traverses as a unity various grades of development； and remains t