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哲学史-philosophy of history(英文版)-第1章

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          Philosophy of History

                      by Hegel


          Table of Contents



Introduction 
O The subject of this course of Lectures is the Philosophical History of the World。 

SECTION ONE: Original History 
§  1 They simply transferred what was passing in the world around them; to the realm of
representative intellect。 
§  2 The influences that have formed the writer are identical with those which have moulded the
events that constitute the matter of his story。 
§  3 What the historian puts into the mouths of orators is an uncorrupted transcript of their
intellectual and moral habitudes。 
§  4 Among the ancients; these annalists were necessarily great captains and statesmen。 

SECTION TWO: Reflective History 
§  5 Reflective history's mode of representation is not really confined by the limits of the time to
which it relates。 

___1 Universal History 
§  6 It is the aim of Universal History to gain a view of the entire history of a people or a country。 
§  7 History must foreshorten its pictures by abstractions。 

___2 Pragmatical History 
§  8 Pragmatical History takes the occurrence out of the category of the Past and makes it
virtually Present。 

___3 Critical History 
§  9 In Critical History; it is not history itself that is presented; but a History of History。 
§ 10 Critical History adopts an abstract position; yet forms a transition to the Philosophical
History。 

SECTION THREE: Philosophic History 
§ 11 Philosophy of History means nothing but the thoughtful consideration of it。 
§ 12 Reason is the Sovereign of the World; history therefore; presents us with a rational process。 
§ 13 The World of intelligence and conscious volition is not abandoned to chance; but must show
itself in the light of the self…cognisant Idea。 
§ 14 Two points of view that concern the generally diffused conviction that Reason rules in the
world。 

I: Reason Governs World 
§ 15 Anaxagoras was the first to enunciate the doctrine that Reason governs the world。 
§ 16 That Nature is unchangeably subordinate to universal laws; appears nowise strange to us。 
§ 17 Religious holds that the world is not abandoned to chance; but that a Providence controls it。 

II The Essential Destiny of Reason 
§ 18 The question; what is the ultimate design of the World? 
§ 19 Spirit is our substantial object。 Our task does not require us to contemplate Nature as a
Rational System in itself。 
§ 20 The three parts of the Destiny of Reason。 

___(1) The Abstract Characteristics of the Nature of Spirit 
§ 21 As the essence of Matter is Gravity; so; on the other hand; the essence of Spirit is Freedom。

§ 22 Eastern nations knew that one is free; the Greeks and Romans that some are free; whilst we
know that all men are free。 
§ 23 The final cause of the World; we allege to be Spirit's consciousness of its own freedom。 

___(2) The Means Spirit Uses to Realise Its Idea 
§ 24 The first glance at History convinces us that the actions of men proceed from their needs;
their passions; their characters and talents。 
§ 25 Aims; principles; &c。; have a place in our thoughts; but not yet in the sphere of reality。 
§ 26 Nothing great in the World has been acplished without passion。 
§ 27 A State is powerful; when the private interest of its citizens is one with the mon interest。 
§ 28 The universal Idea exists as the substantial totality of things; and as the abstract essence of
free volition。 
§ 29 The passions of men are gratified and build up the edifice of human society; for Right and
Order。 
§ 30 The agent's aims are limited but the agents themselves are intelligent thinking beings。 
§ 31 History has to do with those momentous collisions between existing; acknowledged duties;
laws; and rights。 
§ 32 The particular aims of great historical men involve those large issues which are the will of the
World…Spirit。。 
§ 33 Such individuals had no consciousness of the Idea they were unfolding; but were practical;
political men。 
§ 34 They are great men; because they acplished the needs of the age。 
§ 35 A World…historical individual is devoted to the One Aim。 
§ 36 It is not the Idea that is exposed to danger。 It remains in the background; untouched and
uninjured。 This may be called the cunning of reason。 
§ 37 When speaking of the realisation of great ideals by individuals; the subjective element in
them has an infinite right to be consulted。。 
§ 38 We must not fall into the Litany of Lamentations; that the good and pious often fare ill in the
world。 
§ 39 The means which the World…Spirit uses for realising its Idea involves the activity of personal
existences in whom Reason is present; but still obscure and unknown to them。 

___(3) The Embodiment Spirit Assumes — the State 
§ 40 What is the material in which the Ideal of Reason is wrought out? … Personality itself … human
desires … Subjectivity generally。 
§ 41 The Idea is the inner spring of action; the State is the actually; existing; realised moral life。 
§ 42 The first error is that man is free by nature; but that in society; he must limit this natural
freedom。 
§ 43 Freedom does not exist as original and natural — it must be first sought out and won。 
§ 44 The patriarchal condition is one of transition; its unity not
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